基础英语语法 第2版 （附中文注释）

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Chapter 1 PRESENT TIME 1-1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 1-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 1-3 SPELLING: FINAL -S vs. -ES. 1-4 NONPROGRESSIVE VERBS 1-5 SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: SHORT ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Chapter2 PASTTIME 2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST 2-2 FORMS OF THE SIMPLE PAST 2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB 2-4 IRREGULAR VERBS: A REFERENCE LIST 2-5 SPELLING OF -ING AND -ED FORMS 2-6 THE SIMPLE PAST AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE 2-7 FORMS OF THE PAST PROGRESSIVE 2-8 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES 2-9 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO 2-10 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: IN, AT, AND ON Chaptor3 FUTURETIME 3-1 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME: BE GOING 20 AND WILL 3-2 FORMSWTTHWILL.. 3-3 USING PROBABLYWITHWILL 3-4 BE GOING 10 vs. WILL 3-5 EXPRESSING FUTURE TIME IN TIME CLAUSES AND IP-CLAVSES 3-6 PARALLELVERBS 3-7 USINGTHEPRESENTPROGRESSIVETOEXPRESS FUTURETIME 3-8 USINO. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TO EXPRESS FUTURE TIME 3-9 PRESENT PLANS FOR FUTURE ACTIVmES: USING INTEND PLAH, HOPE 3-10 IMMEDIATE FUTURE: USING BEABOUT 10 Choptor4 NOUNSANDPRONOUNS 4-1 PLURALFORMSOFNOUNS 4-2 SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS 4-3 OBJECTSOFPREPOSmONS 4-4 USINGADJECTIVESTODBSCMBENOUNS 4-5 USINGNOUNSASADJECTIVES 4-6 PERSONAL PRONOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS 4-7 POSSESSIVE NOUNS 4-8 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 4-9 A FRIEND OF + POSSESSIVE 4-10 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 4-11 SINGULAR FORMS OF OTHBR: ANOTHER vs. THE OTHER 4-12 PLURAL FORMS OF OTHER: OTHER(S) vt.TSE OTHER(S) 4-13 SUMMARYOFFORMSOFOTHB 4-14 CAPnALIZATION Chapfr5 MODAL AUXIUARIES 5-1 THE FORM-OF MODAL AUXILIARIES 5-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD 5-3 EXPRESSINGPOSSlBILITY:MAYANDJWGHT EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAYAND CAN 5-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY 5-5 ASKING FOR PERMISSION: MAYI, COULD l, CAN l 5-6 ASKING FOR ASSISTANCE: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU, WILLYOU.CANYOU 5-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER 5-8 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE T0, HAVS GOT TO, MUST 5-9 EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOTHAVE TQ EXPRESSING PRQHIBITION: MUSTNOT 5-10 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST 5-11 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE SENTENCES 5-12 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LETS AND WHYDON'T 5-13 STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE. . . BETTER, WOULDRATHER Chapter 6 ASKING QUESTIONS 6-1 YESTNO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS 6-2 YES/NO QUESTIONS AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS 6-3 USING WHO, WHO(M), AND WHAT 6-4 USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO 6-5 USINGWHATKINDOF 6-6 USING WHICH 6-7 USING WHOSE 6-8 USINGHOW 6-9 USING HOW OFTEN 6-10 USINGHOWFAR 6-11 EXPRESSING LENGTH OF TIME: IT + TAKE 6-12 USING HOWLONG 6-13 MORE QUESTIONS WITH HOW 6-14 USINGHOWABOUTANDWHATABOUT 6-15 TAGQUESTIONS Chapfor7 THEPRESENTPERFECTANDTHEPASTPERFECT 7-1 THEPASTPARTICIPLE 7-2 FORMS OF THB PRESENT PERFECT 7-3 MBANINGSOFTHEPRESENTPERFECT 7-4 USINGTHESIMPLEPASTvs.THEPRESENTPERFECT 7-5 USING SINCE AND FOR 7-6 THEPRESENTPERFECTPROGRESSIVE 7-7 THE PRESENT PERFECT vs. THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 7-8 MIDSENTENCE ADVERBS 7-9 USING ALREADY, YET, STILL, ANYMORE 7-10 USINGTHEPASTPERFECT Chapto 8 COUNT / NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARNCLES 8-1 COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS 8-2 NONCOUNTNOUNS 8-3 MORE NONCOUNT NOUNS 8-4 NOUNS THAT CAN BE COUNT OR NONCOUNT 8-5 USINGUNITSOFMEASUREWITHNONCOUNTNOUNS 8-6 GUIDELINES FOR ARTICLE USAGE 8-7 USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY AS PRONOUNS 8-8 NONSPECIFIC OBJECT PRONOUNS: SOME, ANY, AND ONE Chaptor9 CONNECTING IDEAS 9-1 CONNECTINGIDEASWITHAND 9-2 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH BUT AND OR 9-3 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH SO 9-4 USINGAUXILIARYVERBSAPTERBUTANDAND 9-5 USING AND + 700,50, EITHER, NEITHER 9-6 CONNECTINGIDEASWITHBECAUSE 9-7 CONNECTING IDEAS WITH EVEN THOVGHIALTHOVGH 9-8 PHRASALVERBS(SEPARABLE) 9-9 PHRASAL VERBS (NONSEPRABLE) Chaptor1O GERUNDS AND INFINmVES 10-1 GERUNDS AND INFINmVES: INTRODUCTION 10-2 VERB+GERUND 10-3 GO + ING 10-4 VERB + INFINmVE 10-5 VERB + GERUND OR INFINmVE 10-6 UNCOMPLETED INFINmVES 10-7 PREPOSmON + GERUND 10-8 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING ISDONE 10-9 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS: USING IT + INFINITIVE 10-10 IT + INFINITIVE: USING POR (SOMEONE) 10-11 INFINTnVE OF PURPOSE: USING M ORDER TO 10-12 USINGINFINrnVESWITHTOOANDENOUGH 10-13 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE) Chopter 11 PASSIVE SENTENCES 11-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES 11-2 TENSE FORMS OF PASSIVE VERBS 11-3 TRANSmVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS 11-4 USING THE "BY-PHRASE" 11-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND PASTPROGRESSIVE 11-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES 11-7 SUMMARY: PASSIVE VERB FORMS 11-8 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES (STXnVE PASSIVE) 11-9 PARTICIPIAL ADJECITVES: -SD vs. -ING 11-10 GBT + ADJECTIVE; GST + PAST KARTICIPLE 11-11 USING BE VSEDIACCUSTOMED To AND GET VSEDI ACCUSTOMEDTO 11-12 USWG BE SUPPOSED TO Chapter12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 12-1 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION 12-2 USING WHO AND WHOM IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 12-3 USING WHO, WHOM, AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 12-4 USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 12-5 SINGULAR AND PLURAL VERBS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 12-6 USING PREPOSmONS IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 12-7 USINGWHOSEINADJECTIVECLAUSES 12-8 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE) 12-9 MORE PHRASAL VERBS (NONSEPARABLE) Chapterl13 COMPARISONS 13-1 MAKINGCOMPARISONSWITHAS AS 13-2 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE 13-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 13-4 USING COMPARATIVES 13-5 USINGMOREWITHNOUNS 13-6 REPEATING A COMPARATIVE 13-7 USING DOUBLE COMPARATIVES 13-8 USING SUPERLATIVES 13-9 USING THE SAME, SIMILAR, DIFFERENT, LIKE, ALIKE Chopfor14 NOUNCLAUSES 14-1 NOUN CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION 14-2 NOUNCLAUSESTHATBEGINWITHAQUESTIONWORD 14-3 NOUN CLAUSES WITH WHO, WHAT, WHOSE + BE 14-4 NOUNCLAUSESWHICHBEGINWITHlFORWHeTHER 14-5 NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH THAT 14-6 SUBSTITUTINGSOFORA"THAT-CLAUSE"TH CONVERSAnONAL RESPONSES 14-7 OTHERUSESOF"THAT-CLAUSESES" Chapter15 QUOTED SPEECH AND REPORTED SPEECH 15-1 QUOTEDSPEECH 15-2 QUOTED SPEECH vs. REPORTED SPEECH 15-3 VERB FORM USAGE IN REPORTED SPEECH: FORMAL SEQUENCE OF TENSES 15-4 USINGSAyvs. TELL 15-5 USINGASKIF 15-6 USING VERB + INFINITIVE TO REPORT SPEECH 15-7 SOME TROUBLESOME VERBS: ADVISE, SUGGEST, AND RECOMMEND Chapter 16 USING WISH. USING IF 16-1 EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT/FUTURE 16-2 EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT THE PAST 16-3 USING IF: CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PRESENT/FUTURE 16-4 USING IF: TRUE vs. CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PRESENT/FUTURE 16-5 USING IF: CONTRARY-TO-FACT IN THE PAST 16-6 SUMMARY: VERB FORMS IN SENTENCES WITH IF (CONDITIONALSENTENCES) Appendlx 1 Appendix 2 Appendlx 3 Appendix 4 Appendlx 5 INDEX PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS PHRASAL VERBS GUIDE FOR CORRECTING WRITING ERRORS BASIC VOCABULARY UST DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AMERICAN ENGUSH AND BRITISH ENGUSH