化工过程设计

Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Nomenclature xvil Chapter 1. The Hierarchy of Chemical Process Design 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Overall Process Design 1.3 The Hierarchy of Process Design and the Onion Model 1.4 Approaches to Process Design 1.5 The Hierarchy of Chemical Process Design-Summary 1.6 References Chapter 2. Choice of Reactor 2.1 Reaction Path 2.2 Types of Reaction Systems 2.3 Reactor Performance 2.4 Idealized Reactor Models 2.5 Reactor Concentration 2.6 Reactor Temperature 2.7 Reactor Pressure 2.8 Reactor Phase 2.9 Catalysts 2.10 Practical Reactors 2.11 Choice of Reactor-Summary 2.12 References Chapter 3. Choice of Separator 3.1 Separation of Heterogeneous Mixtures 3.2 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures 3.3 Distillation 3.4 Distillation of Mixtures Which Exhibit Azeotroplc Behavior or Have Low Relative Volatility 3.5 Absorption 3.6 Evaporators 3.7 Dryers 3.8 Choice of Separator-Summary 3.9 References Chapter 4. Synthesis of Reaction-Separation Systems 4.1 The Function of Process Recycles 4.2 Vapor Recycles and Purges 4.3 Vapor versus Liquid Recycles 4.4 Batch Processes 4.5 The Process Yield 4.6 Synthesis of Reaction-Separation Systems-Summary 4.7 References Chapter 5. Distillation Sequencing 5.1 Distillation Sequencing Using Simple Columns 5.2 Practical Constraints that Restrict Options 5.3 Selection of the Sequence for Simple, Nonintegrated Distillation Columns 5.4 Heat Integration of Sequences of Simple Dlstillation Columns 5.5 Internal Mass Flows in Sequences of Simple Distillation Columns 5.6 Distillation Sequencing Using Columns with More than Two Products 5.7 Distillation Sequencing Using Thermal Coupling 5.8 Optimization of a Reducible Structure 5.9 Distillation Sequencing-Summary 5.10 References Chapter 6. Heat Exchanger Network and Utilities: Energy Targets 6.1 Composite Curves 6.2 The Heat Recovery Pinch 6.3 Threshold Problems 6.4 The Problem Table Algorithm 6.5 Process Constraints 6.6 Utllity Selection 6.7 Furnaces 6.8 Combined Heat and Power (Cogeneration) 6.9 Integration of Heat Pump 6.10 Integration of Refrigeration Cycles 6.11 Heat Exchanger Network and Utilities Energy Targets-Summary 6.12 References Chapter 7. Heat Exchanger Network and Utilities: Capital and Total Cost Targets 7.1 Number of Heat Exchange Units 7.2 Heat Exchange Area Targets 7.3 Number of Shells Target 7.4 Capltal Cost Targets 7.5 Total Cost Targets 7.6 Heat Exchanger Network and Utlllties Capital and Total Costs- Summary 7.7 References Chapter 8. Economic Tradeoffs 8.1 Local and Global Tradeoffs 8.2 Optimization of Reactor Converslon for Single Reactions 8.3 Optimizatlon of Reactor Converslon for Multiple Reactlons Producing Byproducts 8.4 Optimization of Processes Involvlng a Purge 8.5 Batch Processes 8.6 Economic Tradeoffs-Summary 8.7 References Chapter 9. Safety and Health Considerations 9.1 Fire 9.2 Explosion 9.3 Toxlc Release 9.4 Intenslficatlon of Hazardous Materials 9.5 Attenuation of Hazardous Materials 9.8 Quantitative Measures of Inherent Safety 9.7 Safety and Health Consideratlons-Summary 9.8 References Chapter 10. Waste Minimization 10.1 Mlnimization of Waste from Reactors 10.2 Mlnlmlzatlon of Waste from the Separatlon and Recycle System 10.3 Minimizatlon of Waste from Process Operatlons 10.4 Minimizatlon of Utllity Waste 10.5 Life-Cycle Analysis 10.6 Waste Mlnlrnizatlon in Practlce 10.7 Waste Minlrnization-Summary 10.8 References Chapter 11. Effluent Treatment 11.1 Inclneratlon 11.2 Treatment of Solid Particle Emlsslons to Atmosphere 11.3 Treatment of Gaseous Emlssions to Atmosphere 11.4 Treatment of Combustlon Product Emlssions 11.5 Treatment of Aqueous Emissions 11.6 Effluent Treatment-Summary 11.7 References Chapter 12. Process Changes for Improved Heat Integration 12.1 The Plus/Minus Principle 12.2 The Tradeoffs Between Process Changes, Utlllty Selectlon, Energy Cost, and Capital Cost 12.3 Process Changes for Improved Heat Integration-Summary 12.4 References Chapter 13. Heat Integration of Reactors 13.1 The Heat Integration Characteristlcs of Reactors 13.2 Approprlate Placement of Reactors 13.3 Use of the Grand Composlte Curve for Heat Integration of Reactors 13.4 Evolvlng Reactor Deslgn to Improve Heat Integration 13.5 Heat Integratlon of Reactors-Summary 13.6 References Chapter 14. Heat Integration of Distlllatlon Columns 14.1 The Heat Integration Characteristlcs of Dlstillation 14.2 Approprlate Placement of Olstlllation 14.3 Use of the Grand Composite Curve for Heat Integration of Distillatlon 14.4 Evolving the Design of Slmple Dlstlllatton Columns to Improve Heat Integratlon 14.5 Heat Pumping in Distillatlon 14.6 Evolving the Distlllatlon Sequence 14.7 Capital Cost Considerations 14.8 ACaseStudy 14.9 Heat Integration of Dlstlllation Columns-Summary 14.10 References Chapter 15. Heat Integration of Evaporators and Dryers 15.1 The Heat Integratlon Characteristlcs of Evaporators 15.2 Approprlate Placement of Evaporators 15.3 Evolving Evaporator Design to Improve Heat Integration 15.4 The Heat Integration Characteristlcs of Dryers 15.5 Evolving Dryer Deslgn to Improve Heat Integration 15.6 ACaseStudy 15.7 Heat Integratlon of Evaporators and Dryers-Summary 15.8 References Chapter 16. Heat Exchanger Network Design 16.1 The Pinch Deslgn Method 16.2 Deslgn for Threshold Problems 16.3 Stream Splltting 16.4 Design for Mulliple Pinches 16.5 Remaining Problem Analysis 16.6 Network Optimization 16.7 Heat Exchanger Network Design Based on the Optimlzation of Reducible Stru'cture 16.8 Heat Exchanger Network Design-Summary 16.9 References Chapter 17. Overall Strategy 17.1 Objectives 17.2 The Hierarchy 17.3 The Final Design 17.4 References Appendix A. Preliminary Economic Evaluation A.l The Role of Process Economics A.2 Simple Economic Criteria A.3 Operating Costs A.4 Capltal Costs A.5 References Appendlx B Algorithm for the Heat Exchange Area Target Appendix C. Maximum Thermal Effectlveness for 1-2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Appendlx D. Expresslon for the Mlnlmum Number of 1-2 Shell-and Tube Heat Exchangers for a Given Unit Appendlx E. Algorithm for the Number-of-Shells Target E.l Mlnlmum Area Target for Networks of 1-2 Shells E.2 References Appendlx F Algorithm for Heat Exchanger Capital Cost Target Index