纯数学教程

G. H.Hardy英国数学家(1877—1947)。1896年考入剑桥三一学院，并子1900年在剑桥获得史密斯奖。之后，在英国牛津大学。剑桥大学任教，是20世纪初著名的数学分析家之一。 他的贡献包括数论中的丢番图逼近、堆垒数论、素数分布理论与黎曼函数，调和分析中的三角级数理论。发散级数求和与陶伯定理。不等式、积分变换与积分方程等方面，对分析学的发展有深刻的影响。以他的名字命名的Hp空间(哈代空间)，至今仍是数学研究中十分活跃的领域。 除本书外，他还著有《不等式》、《发散级数》等10多部书籍与300多篇文章。

自从1908年出版以来，这本书已经成为一部经典之著。一代又一代崭露头角的数学家正是通过这本书的指引，步入了数学的殿堂。 在本书中，作者怀着对教育工作的无限热忱，以一种严格的纯粹学者的态度，揭示了微积分的基本思想、无穷级数的性质以及包括极限概念在内的其他题材。

CHAPTER I REAL VARIABLES SECT. 1-2. Rational numbers 3-7. Irrational numbers 8. Real numbers 9. Relations of magnitude between real numbers 10-11. Algebraical operations with real numbers 12. The number 2 13-14. Quadratic surds 15. The continum 16. The continuous real variable 17. Sections of the real numbers. Dedekind's theorem 18. Points of accumulation 19. Weierstrass's theorem . Miscellaneous examples CHAPTER II FUNCTIONS OF REAL VARIABLES 20. The idea of a function 21. The graphical representation of functions. Coordinates 22. Polar coordinates 23. Polynomias 24-25. Rational functions 26-27. Aigebraical functious 28-29. Transcendental functions 30. Graphical solution of equations 31. Functions of two variables and their graphical repre- sentation 32. Curves in a plane 33. Loci in space Miscellaneous examples CHAPTER III COMPLEX NUMBERS SECT. 34-38. Displacements 39-42. Complex numbers 43. The quadratic equation with real coefficients 44. Argand's diagram 45. De Moivre's theorem 46. Rational functions of a complex variable 47-49. Roots of complex numbers Miscellaneous examples CHAPTER IV LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS OF A POSITIVE INTEGRAL VARIABLE 50. Functions of a positive integral variable 51. Interpolation 52. Finite and infinite classes 53-57. Properties possessed by a function of n for large values of n 58-61. Definition of a limit and other definitions 62. Oscillating functions 63-68. General theorems concerning limits 69-70. Steadily increasing or decreasing functions 71. Alternative proof of Weierstrass's theorem 72. The limit of xn 73. The limit of(1+ 74. Some algebraical lemmas 75. The limit of n(nX-1) 76-77. Infinite series 78. The infinite geometrical series 79. The representation of functions of a continuous real variable by means of limits 80. The bounds of a bounded aggregate 81. The bounds of a bounded function 82. The limits of indetermination of a bounded function 83-84. The general principle of convergence 85-86. Limits of complex functions and series of complex terms 87-88. Applications to zn and the geometrical series 89. The symbols O, o, Miscellaneous examples CHAPTER V LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS OF A CONTINUOUS VARIABLE. CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS 90-92. Limits as x-- or x--- 93-97. Limits as z-, a 98. The symbols O, o,～: orders of smallness and greatness 99-100. Continuous functions of a real variable 101-105. Properties of continuous functions. Bounded functions. The oscillation of a function in an interval 106-107. Sets of intervals on a line. The Heine-Borel theorem 108. Continuous functions of several variables 109-110. Implicit and inverse functions Miscellaneous examples CHAPTER VI DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS 111-113. Derivatives 114. General rules for differentiation 115. Derivatives of complex functions 116. The notation of the differential calculus 117. Differentiation of polynomials 118. Differentiation of rational functions 119. Differentiation of algebraical functions 120. Differentiation of transcendental functions 121. Repeated differentiation 122. General theorems concerning derivatives, Rolle's theorem 123-125. Maxima and minima 126-127. The mean value theorem 128. Cauchy's mean value theorem SECT. 129. A theorem of Darboux 130-131. Integration. The logarithmic function 132. Integration of polynomials 133-134. Integration of rational functions 135-142. Integration of algebraical functions. Integration by rationalisation. Integration by parts 143-147. Integration of transcendental functions 148. Areas of plane curves 149. Lengths of plane curves Miscellaneous examples CHAPTER VII ADDITIONAL THEOREMS IN THE DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS 150-151. Taylor's theorem 152. Taylor's series 153. Applications of Taylor's theorem to maxima and minima 154. The calculation of certain limits 155. The contact of plane curves 156-158. Differentiation of functions of several variables 159. The mean value theorem for functions of two variables 160. Differentials 161-162. Definite integrals 163. The circular functions 164. Calculation of the definite integral as the limit of a sum 165. General properties of the definite integral 166. Integration by parts and by substitution 167. Alternative proof of Taylor's theorem 168. Application to the binomial series 169. Approximate formulae for definite integrals. Simpson's rule 170. Integrals of complex functions Miscellaneous examples CHAPTER VIII THE CONVERGENCE OF INFINITE SERIES AND INFINITE INTEGRALS SECT. PAGE 171-174. Series of positive terms. Cauchy's and d'Alembert's tests of convergence 175. Ratio tests 176. Dirichlet's theorem 177. Multiplication of series of positive terms 178-180. Further tests for convergence. Abel's theorem. Mac- laurin's integral test 181. The series n-s 182. Cauchy's condensation test 183. Further ratio tests 184-189. Infinite integrals 190. Series of positive and negative terms 191-192. Absolutely convergent series 193-194. Conditionally convergent series 195. Alternating series 196. Abel's and Dirichlet's tests of convergence 197. Series of complex terms 198-201. Power series 202. Multiplication of series 203. Absolutely and conditionally convergent infinite integrals Miscellaneous examples CHAPTER IX THE LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL, AND CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS OF A REAL VARIABLE 204-205. The logarithmic function 206. The functional equation satisfied by log x 207-209. The behaviour of log x as x tends to infinity or to zero 210. The logarithmic scale of infinity 211. The number e 212-213. The exponential function 214. The general power ax 215. The exponential limit 216. The logarithmic limit SECT. 217. Common logarithms 218. Logarithmic tests of convergence 219. The exponential series 220. The logarithmic series 221. The series for arc tan x 222. The binomial series 223. Alternative development of the theory 224-226. The analytical theory of the circular functions Miscellaneous examples CHAPTER X THE GENERAL THEORY OF THE LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL， AND CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS 227-228. Functions of a complex variable 229. Curvilinear integrals 230. Definition of the logarithmic function 231. The values of the logarithmic function 232-234. The exponential function 235-236. The general power a 237-240. The trigonometrical and hyperbolic functions 241. The connection between the logarithmic and inverse trigonometrical functions 242. The exponential series 243. The series for cos z and sin z 244-245. The logarithmic series 246. The exponential limit 247. The binomial series Miscellaneous examples The functional equation satisfied by Log z, 454. The function e, 460. Logarithms to any base, 461. The inverse cosine, sine, and tangent of a complex number, 464. Trigonometrical series, 470, 472-474, 484, 485. Roots of transcendental equations, 479, 480. Transformations, 480-483. Stereographic projection, 482. Mercator's projection, 482. Level curves, 484-485. Definite integrals, 486. APPENDIX I. The proof that every equation has a root APPENDIX II. A note on double limit problems APPENDIX III. The infinite in analysis and geometry APPENDIX IV. The infinite in analysis and geometry INDEX