在语境中教语言

《在语境中教语言》是专为外语教师及准教师编写的一部关于外语教学基本理论及实践方法的综合性指导书籍。外语教学是一个包罗万象的领域。它不仅牵涉到对于语言属性、语言能力等语言学基本概念的界定，对于人类学习规律特别是外语学习过程的认识等心理学分支领域，而且还涉及到对于教育哲学及教学规律的理解。 从以上简单的分析我们可以清楚地看到，“语境”的概念对于外语教学的定位是何等重要。《在语境中教语言》涵盖的内容也和其他同类书籍差不多：从语言能力的界定到外语学习的规律，从外语教学的原则和方法到四种基本技能的培养，从语言的文化背景到语言测试的设计，再到课堂教学的实施。这些话题都是外语教师们十分熟悉的。然而，正如它的标题——“在语境中教语言”明确提示的那样，书中探讨的是具体使用情境中的语言和语言教学的上述相关层面。换言之，“语境”是《在语境中教语言》探讨问题的前提，也是贯穿全书的一条基本线索。这一特征又使得《在语境中教语言》与其他同类书籍十分不同，它极大地提高了《在语境中教语言》的实用价值，拉近了这部著作与一线外语教师间的距离。作者的独具匠心之处也在于此。

导读 Preface Acknowledgments 1 On Knowing a Language Introduction Defining Language Proficiency Proficiency and Language Acquisition Theory Some Research Findings about Oral Proficiency Issues in Language Proficiency Assessment: Caveats, Clarifications, and New Directions Defining the Content of Instruction: The Standards for Foreign Language Learning Summary: On Knowing a Language Activities for Review and Discussion References 2 On Learning a Language Introduction Exploring Theories of Language Learning The Role of Individual Learner Factors in Second-Language Learning Relating Theory to Practice: Some Considerations Summary: On Learning a Language Activities for Review and Discussion References 3 On Teaching a Language Orienting Instruction toward Proficiency The Proficiency Orientation of Existing Methodologies: A Preliminary Appraisal Three "Traditional" Methods Reactions to Audiolingualism: Two Mentalist Perspectives A Functional Approach: Communicative Language Teaching Modem Adaptations of the Direct Method Humanistic Approaches to Language Teaching Summary:. On Teaching a Language Activities for Review and Discussion References 4 The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning The Importance of Context and Background Knowledge in the Comprehension Process: Some Theoretical Considerations Research on the Role of Context in Comprehension The Role of Computers in Providing Richer Contexts for Language Learning Integrating Language and Content: Immersion and Content-Based Instruction Summary: The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning Activities for Review and Discussion References 5 A Proficiency-Oriented Approach to Listening and Reading A Rationale for Teaching Listening and Reading Similarities in Listening and Reading Differences between Spoken and Written Discourse Integrating Listening, Reading, and the Productive Skills: The Vision of the Standards for Foreign Language Learning Teaching Listening Comprehension Sample Formats for Listening Comprehension Teaching Reading Comprehension Sample Formats for Reading Comprehension Summary: A Proficiency-Oriented Approach to Listening and Reading Activities for Review and Discussion References 6 Developing Oral Proficiency The Nature of Interlanguage Planning Instruction for the Development of Oral Proficiency Responding to the Learner Summary: Developing Oral Proficiency Activities for Review and Discussion References 7 Becoming Proficient in Writing Approaches to Teaching Writing at the Lower Levels of Proficiency Expressive Writing at the Intermediate and Advanced Levels: Approaches to Teaching the Composing Process Summary: Becoming Proficient in Writing Activities for Review and Discussion References 8 Teaching for Cultural Understanding Introduction Problems in the Teaching of Culture Definitions, Models, Inventories, and Frameworks: Capturing the Essence of "Culture" Strategies for Teaching Culture Summary: Teaching for Cultural Understanding Activities for Review and Discussion References 9 Classroom Testing Introduction The Case for Hybrid Classroom Tests Characteristics of Test Items and Item Types Listening Comprehension Formats Reading Comprehension Formats Writing and Mixed-Skills Formats Guidelines for Creating Contextualized Paper-and-Pencil Tests Testing Oral Skills Summary: Classroom Testing Appendix Activities for Review and Discussion References Epilogue Planning Instruction for the Proficiency-Oriented Classroom Setting Goals for a Proficiency-Oriented Program Guidelines for Planning Lessons Increasing Focus on Students' Interests In Conclusion Activities for Review and Discussion References Appendix A ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines--Speaking Revised 1999 Appendix B Sample Foreign Language Media Evaluation Criteria Appendix C Samples of Error Coding Procedures for Written Work Text PermissionsIndex